Шпаргалка по "Стилистике"

27. Syntactical expressive means

1. Stylistic inversion - Devices built on the principle of juxtaposition

inversion (several types): A tone of most extravagant comparison Miss Tox said it in. (Dickens)

Down dropped the breeze. (Colerigde)

2. detached constructions: She was lovely: all of her - delightful. (Dreiser)

3. parallel constructions:

The seeds ye sow - another reaps, The robes ye weave - another wears The arms ye forge - another bears.

(Shelley)

4. chiasmus: parallelism reversed, two parallel syntactical constructions contain a reversed order of their members).

E. g. That he sings and he sings, and for ever sings he - I love my Love and my Love loves me!

In the days of old men made manners Manners now make men.(Byron)

5. repetition: For glances beget ogles, ogles sighs, sighs wishes, wishes words, and words a letter. (Byron)

6. enumeration: a device by means of which homogeneous parts of a sentence are made semantically heterogeneous

The principle production of these towns... appear to be soldiers, sailors, Jews, chalk, shrimps, officers, and dock-yard men. (Dickens)

7. suspense: a compositional device that consists in withholding the most important information or idea till the end of the sentence, passage or text

Know ye the land where the cypress and myrtle... Know ye the land of the cedar and vine...

'Tis the clime of the East -  'tis the land of the Sun.

(Byron)

8. climax: a rhetorical series of ideas, images, etc. arranged progressively so that the most forceful is last They looked at hundred of houses, they climbed thousands of stairs, they inspected innumerable kitchens. (Maugham)

9. antithesis: opposition or contrast of ideas, notions, qualities in the parts of one sentenceor in different sentences

Youth is lovely, age is lonely; Youth is fiery, age is frost. (Longfellow)

Devices based on the type of connection include

10. Asyndeton: the omission of conjunctions

Soams turned away; he had an utter disinclination for talk, like one standing before an open grave... (Galsworthy)

11. polysyndeton: the use of a number of conjunctions in close succession

The heaviest rain, and snow, and hail, and sleet, could boast of the advantage over him in only one respect. (Dickens) gap-sentence link: It was an afternoon to dream. And she took out Jon's letters. (Galsworthy)

12. Ellipsis - omission of words needed to complete the construction or the sense.

E.g. Tomorrow at 1.30; The ringleader was hanged and his followers imprisoned.

Nothing so difficult as a beginning, how soft the chin which bears his touch. (Byron)

13. Break-in-the-narrative - Aposiopesis -  a sudden breaking off in the midst of a sentence as if from inability or unwillingness to proceed

Good intentions but -; You just come home or I'll...

14. Question-in-the-narrative - Scrooge knew he was dead? Of course he did. How could it be otherwise?

15. Rhetorical questions - How long must we suffer? Where is the end? (Norris)

16. Litotes - understatement for effect, esp. that in which an affirmative is expressed by a negation of the contrary

He was no gentle lamb (London); Mr. Bardell was no deceiver. (Dickens)