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In phonetics the basis of articulation is the default position or standard settings of a speaker's organs of articulation when ready to speak.
Different languages each have their own basis of articulation, which means that native speakers will share a certain position of tongue, lips, jaw, possibly even uvula or larynx, when preparing to speak. These standard settings enable them to produce the sounds and prosody of their native language most efficiently. Different accents within a given language may have their own characteristic basis of articulation.
1. Introduction
2. Aspects of articulatory basis
3. The English articulatory basis
3.1 The main peculiarities of the English articulatory basis
3.2. Articulatory classification of consonants
3.3. Articulatory classification of vowel
4. The Russian articulatory basis
4.1 Articulatory classification of consonants
4.2. Articulatory classification of vowel
5. Differences in the articulatory bases of the English and Russian sounds.
5.1. Differences in the pronunciation of consonants
5.2 Differences in the pronunciation of vowels
5. Conclusion
6. Bibliography
1. In the production of Russian vowels the lips are considerably protruded and rounded /о, у/. In the articulation of the similar English [o: ], [u, u: ] considerable protrusion does not take place. Englishmen have the so called "flat-type" position of the lips, their lips are tenser than the lips of the Russian, and the corners of the lips are raised, which resembles a smile.
2. In the articulation of the English vowels the bulk of the tongue occupies more positions than in the production of the Russian vowels. When the bulk of the tongue moves in the horizontal direction it may occupy a fully front and a front-retracted, a fully back and a back-advanced position. Horizontal movements of the tongue condition the articulation of the [э, э: ] vowels, which are of mixed type.
Each of the three vertical positions of the tongue (high, mid, low) in English is subdivided into a narrow and broad variety. Thus, six groups of vowel sounds are formed in the system of English vowels.
Such broad variety of the bulk of the tongue positions is not observed in the production of the Russian vowel sounds.
3. According to the horizontal movement of the bulk of the tongue Russian vowels may be subdivided into: front — [и, э], central — [ы, a] and back — [о, у]. The articulatory peculiarities in the pronunciation of English vowels constitute the basis for the formation of diphthongs when the position of the tongue changes within the articulation of one and the same vowel.
4. The principle of the degree of tenseness in vowel classification is inseparably connected with the free or unchecked and checked character of the vowels.
5. Long vowels in English are considered to be tense. There are no long vowels which can be opposed phoneraically to short vowels in the Russian language. Length in the Russian vowel system is an irrelevant feature.
6. There are monophthongs and diphthongoids in the Russian vowel system, but there are no diphthongs.
There are 6 vowel phonemes in Russian and 20 in English. Given below are English vowels which have no counterparts in Russian:
1. long and short vowels [i:—i], [o:- o], [u: —u];
2. slightly rounded, but not protruded vowels [u:, o:];
3. vowels articulated with the "flat" position of the lips in the
4. [i:, i, e, ei] production;
5. very low vowels, such as [e, ʊ, a];
6. front-retracted [i] and back-advanced [u, a];
7. central or mixed [ æ];
8. checked and free vowels [æ] [ʊ] [eɪ] [uː] ;
9. diphthongs [ei, ai, oi, ].
In articulating English vowels Russian students are apt to make the following mistakes:
1. they do not observe the quantitative character of the long vowels;
2. they do not observe the qualitative difference in the articulation of such vowels as [i:—i], [и:—и], [э:—э];
3. they replace the English vowels [i:, о:, u:, i, a, о., u] by the Russian vowels [и, о, у, а, э];
4. they pronounce [i:, i, e, ei] without the "flat position" of the lips;
5. they soften consonants which precede [i:, i, e, æ, ei] front vowels as a result of which the latter become more narrow and the consonants are palatalized.
6. they articulate [ o:, u, u:, ei ] with the lips too much rounded and protruded;
7. they make the sounds / æ/ more narrow because they don't open the mouth properly, similarly to the Russian [э, о];
8. they do not observe the positional length of vowels;
9. they make both elements of the diphthongs equally distinct;
10. they pronounce initial vowels with a glottal stop.
Conclusion
Bibliography
1. Leontyeva S.F. A theoretical course of English phonetics. [Текст]– M.: Изд-во «Менеджер», 2004. – С. 10 – 25, 36 – 41.
2. Vassilyev V.A. English Phonetics (a Theoretical Course). [Текст] – М., 1970.
3. Евстифеева М.В. Теоретическая фонетика английского языка. Лекции, семинары, упражнения: учеб. пособие. [Текст] – М.: Флинта: Наука, 2012.
4. С.Ф.Соловьева. Теоретическая фонетика английского языка. [Текст] - Москва, 1988
5. K. Bolla a Conspectus of Russian speech sound. [Текст] - М., 1981
6. Андрейченко Л.Н. Русский язык. Фонетика и фонология. Орфоэпия. Графика и орфография. [Текст] - М., 2003 г.
7. Соколова М.А., Гинтовр К.П., Кантер Л.А.. Практическая фонетика английского языка. [Текст] - М.: Владос, 2001. - 384 c.
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