Автор работы: Пользователь скрыл имя, 27 Февраля 2013 в 20:29, доклад
The government of the USA act according to the Constitution which was signed by the first thirteen representatives of thirteen original American states in 1787. The document was written in 1787 and since that time twenty six Amendments have been added. The first ten Amendments were simply rights or the Bill of rights. According to the Constitution the USA is a republic. So, the officials of any rank are elected by US citizens. Every citizen has rights which can not be violated.
The United States of America is a federal republic consisting of 50 states. Each state has its own government («state government»). In some ways the United States is like 50 small countries.
The government of the USA act according to the Constitution which was signed by the first thirteen representatives of thirteen original American states in 1787. The document was written in 1787 and since that time twenty six Amendments have been added. The first ten Amendments were simply rights or the Bill of rights. According to the Constitution the USA is a republic. So, the officials of any rank are elected by US citizens. Every citizen has rights which can not be violated.
The Constitution proclaims a federal system of government which keeps both the states and the federal power from getting too much power. It means that the federal government is given certain powers, for example, to make peace or war, to issue money and to regulate the trade and so on.
The federal power is located in Washington, D.C. It is based on legislative, executive and juridical branches of power.
The legislative power is vested in Congress, which consists of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives. There are 435 members in the House of Representatives and 100 senators in Congress. Each state elects two members for the Senate.
The executive branch is headed by the President who is assisted by the Vice President. The President enforces federal laws, serves as commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. The President can veto a bill unless Congress by a two-thirds vote shall overrule him. The Vice President, elected from the same political party as the President, acts as chairman of the Senate, and in the event of the death of the President, assumes the Presidency. The President of the USA is chosen in nationwide elections every 4 years together with the Vice-President. The President can not be elected for more than two terms. The Cabinet is made up of Department Secretaries. The most important of them is the Secretary of State, who deals with foreign affairs.
The judicial branch is made up of Federal District Courts, 11 Federal Courts and the Supreme Court. Federal judges are appointed by the President for life. Federal courts decide cases involving federal law, conflicts between citizens of different states.
Constitution has been amended twenty six times. The Bill of Rights guarantees individual liberties: freedom of word, religion and so on. Later amendments abolished slavery, granted the vote to women and colour people and allowed citizens to vote at the age of 18.
QUESTIONS:
VOCABULARY:
to consist of — состоять из
own — свой, собственный
to sign — подписать, подписывать
original — зд.первый
amendment — поправка (к резолюции, законопроекту)
according to — в соответствии с, согласно
officials — должностные лица, чиновники
citizen — гражданин
to violate — нарушать, попирать, преступать
to proclaim — провозглашать; объявлять
certain — точный, определенный
to issue money — выпускать деньги
to regulate the trade — регулировать торговлю
federal power — федеральная власть
to locate — находиться, размещаться
to vest — наделять (правом), давать права, облекать правом
branch — подразделение; ветвь (власти)
legislative — законодательный
executive — исполнительный
judiciary — судебный
Congress — Конгресс
house — зд. палата
Senate — Сенат
House of Representatives — Палата представителей
to assist — помогать, содействовать
Vice President — вице-президент
elections — выборы
to enforce — принуждать, вынуждать (к чему-л.), заставлять; навязывать (кому-л. — on)
commander-in-chief — главнокомандующий
armed forces — вооруженные силы
to veto — налагать вето (на что-л.), запрещать
bill — законопроект
overrule — отклонять, отказывать; отменять (чье-л. решение); отвергать
chairman — председатель
to assume — принимать, брать на себя (ответственность, управление и т. п.); получать (должность)
Cabinet — Кабинет (министров)
Department Secretaries — министры
Secretary of State — государственный
секретарь, глава
Federal District Court — Федеральный окружной суд
Supreme Court — Верховный суд
federal judges — федеральные судьи
to appoint — назначить
to amend — вносить изменения, вносить поправки (в законопроект и т. п.)
to abolish — аннулировать, отменять, упразднять, объявлять недействительным
slavery — рабство
to allow — позволять, разрешать
Political System of Great Britain
Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. It means that there is a Queen (or King) and the Parliament. The Queen has almost no power in the country. Her powers are limited by the Parliament. Laws are made by the Parliament. The Queen is only a formal ruler: she reigns but does not rule. In fact everything that she does is done on the active of her ministers, who are responsible for the royal acts. Thus, most of her functions are symbolic. The United Kingdom is governed by Her majesty's Government in the name of the Queen. But the Queen has all information, has the right to encourage and the right to warn. The Queen's residence in London is Buckingham Palace. Besides, she has some homes in England and Scotland.
The organs of government are: Parliament, the executive and the judiciary.
The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House if Lords and the House of Commons. There are more than 1000 members in the House of Lords. Many seats are hereditary. The House of Commons has 635 members. They are elected by a general election. The voting is by secret ballot and is from the age of 18. Any member may introduce a Bill and ask permission to bring it to the House for the first reading. After the third time reading the Bill goes to the House of Lords. If the Lords agree to a Bill, it will be placed before the Queen for signature.
The executive consists of the central which is responsible for iniating and directing the national policy, government departments, local authorities, and public corporations. Government is formed by the party which has the majority in the Commons. It is the party that wins the elections.
The Prime Minister is the leader of the Government. He chooses a number of ministers in the cabinet. The second largest party forms the official opposition with its "shadow cabinet".
The judiciary is independent of both the legislature and executive.
There are two main parties - Conservative and Labour.
The orientation of the Conservative party is center-right, with pragmatic policies. The Labour Party is a democratic socialist party. Its aim is to bring about wealth and power in favour of working people"
The party which is called the Liberal Democrats is an influential center. Another party is the Socialist Democratic Party. There are also nationalist parties from Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales.
Kazakhstan has a hybrid system of government that combines aspects of both parliamentary and presidential systems.
The principle of independence and the political system were formulated in the first Constitution of Kazakhstan of January 1993, which was approved by referendum on 30 August 1995.
Kazakhstan has a parliamentary system with a president as head of the State. Kazakhstan last presidential election was in January 2006 for a seven-year term. Kazakhstan president serves as commander-in-chief, sets foreign policy, can initiate legislation, and appoints Kazakhstan prime minister, subject to Parliamentary approval.
Kazakhstan parliament is the supreme legislative body and consists of two chambers, the Senate (Upper House) and the Mazhilis (Lower House). The 47 members of Kazakhstan Senate are indirectly elected representatives of regional assemblies and appointees of Kazakhstan president. The Mazhilis is composed of 67 elected deputies. Kazakhstan parliament is elected for a four-year term.
Kazakhstan prime minister is the head of the executive branch of government and is appointed by Kazakhstan president, with the approval of Kazakhstan parliament. He chairs the Cabinet, which, as of January 2006, consists of three Deputy Prime Ministers, the Ministers of the 14 State Ministries and the 5 Chairmen of the State Agencies.
The heads of the local administrations (Akims of 14 oblasts and 2 cities) are appointed by Kazakhstan president. Since December 1997, the capital of Kazakhstan has been Astana. From 1929 to 1997 the capital of Kazakhstan was the city of Almaty, founded in 1854.