Автор работы: Пользователь скрыл имя, 11 Апреля 2014 в 10:22, курс лекций
The subject of stylistics hasn't so far been definitely outlined. This is due to a number of reasons. First of all there is a confusion between the terms style and stylistics. The first term is so broad that it is hardly possible to regard it as a term. We speak of style in architecture, literature, behaviour, linguistics, dress and other fields of human activity. Even in linguistics the word style is used so widely that it needs interpretation.
Anticlimax
As its very name shows it is the opposite to climax but this assumption is not quete correct. It would serve no purpose whatever making the sec elem weaker than the first, the third still weaker and so on. A real A is a sudden deception of the recipient. In consists in addibd one weaker elem to one or several strong ones mentioned before. The recipient is disappointed in his expect he predicted a stronger element to follow instead one insignificant idea follow the significant one. Needless to say A is often employed with a humorous aim. (its a bloody lie and not quite true, we seethe absurdity of mixing up inoffensive statement with a polite mark)
The functional styles of the English language
It is a well-known fact that one and the same idea can be expressed differently from the point of view the lang employed. A doctor will speak about to his patient quety dif from the way he might describe it in a popular sint article on in a purely scint treter for specialist. It means that words may differ not only 8n their stylistic reference but also in the sphere of their application. It is the aim and condition oc communication that make the speaker or the writer choose a suitable word and language form to convey his ides to the listener or to the reader. Thus we have come to another application of the term style the func styles of the language. FS are historically developed vatiants of the bookish lang wh7ch peculiarities are determined by the needs of communication in this or that’s sphere of hum activity or in other words a func style is a system of expressive means and voc serving a defin7te aim of communication. The English bookish literary lang comprises the following FS
the style of poetry,
the s of emotive prose,
the s of drama.
Each of the subdivisions has its own peculiarities but all of them have certain common features typical of fiction s in general resulting from their common function. The func of the fic style is to inform and communicate facts anc the ideas ti the reader and affect the reader emotionally. The gen features of the fiction style are
1. A genuine imagery achieved by purely linguistic devices
2. The use of words in contextual and often in more than one meaning at once
3. A vocabulary reflecting the author personal evaluations of things/ events
4. A peculiar individual selection of voc and syntax
5. The introduction of the typical features of colloquial lang to a full degree (in plays), a lesser one (in emotive prose) a slide one if any at all (in poems).
The lang of poetry
1. A rhythmical and phonetic arrangement of yhe utterance
2. Fresh and genuine imagery which occurs frequently and is very compressed and rich in associative power
3. A great number of emotionally colored words
The voc of poetry 7s noticeably literary mainly bookish archaic and poetic words are employed, thou nowadays the lang of poetry underwent considerable changes. A number of scientific and political terms and imagery based on scientific data together with lively colloquial words penetrated into poetic lang.
As to the syntactical peculiarities elliptical and fragmentary sent detached constructions inversion asyndeton are typical features of poetry.
The language of the drama
The firs thing to be said about the parameters this rite of the fic style is that the lang of place is entirely a dialogue. The authors speech is almost entirely excluded except for the play rights remarks and stage directions. The lang of characters isn’t an exact reproduction of the colloquial lang. The play right strives to reproduce actual conversation as far as the norms of the writ lang allow it. The lang of plays is always stylized. It keeps the main features of the literary English. Non-literary forms are used very seldom. In plays the dialogue looses it’s colloquial essence and remains simply inform. The character’s utterances are longer in plays than in ordinary conversation. Monologues are never interrupted by different exclamatory words and phrases to whom this speech is addressed.
The lang of emotive prose
The imagery isn’t so reach as it is in poetry. The percentage of words with contextual meaning is not so high as in poetry. The idiom simprasy? of the author is not so clearly desirable. As a rule it isn’t characterised by miter and rhyme. The combination of the liter both in words and syntax with the colloquial variant is peculiar to the emotive prose. In prose there are 2 forms of communication monologue and dialogue. Both of them determine the combination of spoken and written varieties of the lang. In emotive prose coloq lang undergoes considerable changes introduced by the author. The collq speech is made 'literary like. Emotive prose allows the use of elements from other styles as well. We can find the elem of the newspaper style in lueses book it can’t happened here the offic style in the man of property, thesty of cs prose in cronens novel the citadel and others.)
The aim of a scientific work is to prove a hypothesis, to describe new phenomenon and sci laws.
The peculiarities of the sc prose.
From the lex poit of view the most cons piques feature is the obligatory use of terms specific to this or that branch of science. All other words of the gen voc are used in their direct logical meaning to avoid any ambiguity. Sc pr is characterised by the complete absence of the dialectal and colloq words, by the selective usage of personal pronouns. First person plural is prefer to the first pes singular. Second pers is hardly ever used. In syntax sc pr is governed by a logical reasoning there fore it is characterised by the logical sequence of sentences and by a developed system of connectives. It means that complex sentences should prevale over other syntactical constructions, simple sentences being related lowest among them. The typical connectives are so, thus, hands, therefore, firstly, seco dly, consequently etc. The sc pr aims at the most generelised form of expressions and tends to be objective precise and devote of any individuality, that is why passive constructions and impersonal expressions are favored in it. It should be pointed out
Within sc prose it is possible to single out its subtype. Popular scientific prose. Po sc books are intended not only for specialists but for a larger audience which is little acquainted with the subject. In pop sc books the author strives to be understood by many people. For this purpose he avoids special rarely used terms when used such terms are either paraphrased or supplied with descriptions and commentaries. The structure of sen is simple. The author may deviate from the main idea as he doesn’t strictly follow the logical sequence in explaining this subject matter. He seems to be addressing the reader as in interlocutor. Tjis fact accounts for the use of the pronounce I you we as well as interrogative and exclamatory words and sentences. Thus the lang of pop sc books is usually emotional and imaginative.
The style of official documents
This st can be divided into the following subtypes.
The style of business doc,
the s of legal doc,
the style of diplomacy,
the style of military documents.
The main function of this style is communicative and lies in expressing certain relations between governments, parties, companies, the state and its citizens, between citizens etc. Official doc-s reflecting this relations, can adduce various forms. Official statements, pacts, ?crities?, business and commercial correspondence, military orders and instructions etc. All official docs have sets in common features.
1. The words in offic docs are used in their direct logical meaning
2. The lang of docs abound in (reaching) clichés, terms and set expressions which proved to be stable and prominent. The above mentioned, in accordance with, on behalf of, in all respects etc
3. Some archaic words are also to be found here
Thereof, hereby, herewith, therefrom etc
2. Different abb-s, shortenings and conventional symbols are used in this style
3. The variants of offic style are characterized by their compositional patterns as every offic doc has a definite form. F ex. bus letters are usually began with the name and address of the sender and the date then comes the name and address of the addressee. Theaters, charters, pacts are docs of considerable sized but still they may consist of 2 3 or even 1 sent, organized into well-developed paragraphs with parallel subordinate coordinal clauses or constructions with infin gerund and participle which are often either numbered or lettered. Each new paragraph may begin with a small letter, the parsgs are separated by semicolons. The par may be joined accidentally by coordinate os subordinate conjunctions. Its lics bold type and capital lettering are widely employed in official docs.
The publicistic style
It has 3 main substyles
Ps exists in 2 forms written and oral. Essays and articles belong to the written form of it while speeches radio and TV commentaries to its oral form. The some of publicistic style is to influence the public opinion, to convince the readers or listeners of smth and make them accept the point if view expressed in a speech essay or article by both logical argumentation and emotional appeal.
Oratory and speeches
The aim of oratories is to inform and convince the audience to ?spoke? a desired reaction on its part and to stimulated to some activity. As it is an oral form of publicistic style it retains some peculiarities of oral speech. I.e. a direct address to the audience and the use of contractions. But in its leading feature this style belongs to thd written variety of yhe lang. Speeches and ovations have the form of a monolog their vocabulary comprises a lot of literary bookish words and terms, the syntax structure is logically ordered and paragraphed. The most typical stylistic devices of this style is a repetition of all kinds.
Essays
An essay is a short prose composition on philosophical esthetic or literary subject. An essay doesn’t treat a problem thoroughly. It is rather an expression of personal subjective approach to the problem.
Articles
The aim of an art st in a newspaper or magazine is to interpret the news to common an political and cult events of the day, to explain and convince the reader of smth. In an article dealing social and polite life we can find a lot of bookish literary words terms and abstract notions. Literary reviews are reached in emotionally colored vocabulary and expressive means.
The newspaper style
The newspaper st deals with newspaper printed material but not all of them belong to this style. The main communicative aim of the newspaper style is to impart information. The aim is achieved by brief news items press reports, informational article, advertisements and announcements. Numerous articles and essays on art politics, economics published in newspaper’s aim not so much at establishing a certain opinion. Hands they belong to the publicistic style. The intermediate position is occupied by auditoria which bare the feature of newspaper and publicistic style. Like any publ writing auditoria’s comment on political events of the day and appeal to the readers mind but at the same time they passes a lot of peculiar of the newspaper st. i.e. an extensive use of emotionally colored voc ,abbreviations, colloquial words and expressions, slangy words and professionalisms. The newspaper st is characterised by some gen features. Firstly, newspaper language comprises a great number of econom7c and political terms and abstract words. Secondary, newspaper clichés and phraseological units are often employed in the nws st. Such clichés help to avoid misunderstanding being tried and widely used. Thirdly, a lot of abbreviations contribute to the ?conciseness? of forms and expressiveness. As the newspaper is very sensitive to everything new taking part in the life of people neologisms firstly come into being on its pages.
The lang of the newspaper st is rich in st dev both lex and syntactical but they are usually trite. As to the voc newspaper lang is a combined of words of various groups.
The syntax of some news items may be very complicated. The contents are sometimes conveid in 1 2 or 3 sentences. The rules of sequence of tenses are not always observed.