Representative Democracy: In a representative
democracy set-up, citizens elect representatives who actually
make the law. The United States operates similarly to this principle.
Citizens elect legislators who, in turn, make laws. In the U.S., even
the president isn’t elected directly; representatives called electors
make the decision (although designated electors usually vote according
to the wishes of the citizens in their states).
Other types of democracy include versions known as deliberative
democracy, in which citizens approach decision making by considering
different viewpoints and options, as well as democratic
socialism, in which citizens help make decisions or vote for
policies that are socialistic in nature. There are other types of democracy
as well. The defining characteristic is some level of citizen participation
in the political system.
2. Republic
In theory, a republic is a political system in which
the government remains mostly subject to those governed. Some scholars
define any political system in which the citizens legitimize the government.
As such, some (including Montesquieu) consider the U.S. a republic. Indeed, there are
those that believe that any form of government that is not based on
heritage or authoritarian governance. In some cases, a representative
democracy (or any form of democracy) might be considered a republic.
Some of the types of republics that you might see include:
Crowned (a constitutional monarchy might be considered
a crowned republic)
Federal (the United States is often referred to as
a federal republic)
The main characteristic of a republic is that the
government is subject to the people, and leaders can be recalled. Some
even make the argument that an oligarchy, which is rule by a few citizens, or a group of
citizens, is a form of republic, since the government is subject to
some of the wishes of some of the governed.
3. Monarchy
When most of us think of a monarchy, we think of
the political systems of medieval European countries. In a monarchy,
a ruler is not usually chosen by the voice of the people or their representatives.
Often a monarch is the head of state until he or she abdicates or until
death. In many cases a monarch is the final word in government. There
may be functionaries to make decisions and run the political system,
but the monarch has discretion with the laws, and how they are enforced.
However, as with other political systems, there are
different types of monarchies. The type that many of us think of as
common is the absolute monarchy, in which the monarch truly has the ultimate say
in matters of government. However, most monarchies in political systems
today do not follow this method. Many of them, especially in the developed
world, have limits. Constitutional monarchies fall into this category
(and are sometimes considered republics as well). In this type of monarchy,
the ruler is the head of state, but a constitution limits the power,
and others make laws. The U.K., Denmark, Kuwait, Spain, Sweden, Tuvalu,
and many more are examples of constitutional monarchies.
Other types of monarchies include duchies, grand
duchies, elective monarchy (where the monarch is actually elected), and non-sovereign
monarchy.
4. Communism
In most cases, a communist state is based on the
ideology of communism as taught by Marx and/orLenin. However, some argue that these political systems
are not true to the ideals espoused by these revolutionary thinkers.
Communist states are often dominated by a single party, or a group of
people. A planned economy is often part of the governing class, and
in many cases resources are taken and then redistributed to others,
at the top of the system. Sometimes communists call themselves “workers’
states” or “socialist,” but there are very real differences in
their operation. In a lot of cases, citizens are required to do certain
jobs, or have some of their life decisions — especially concerning
where they can live and what jobs they can do. Communism is often considered
an authoritarianpolitical system.
5. Dictatorship
Another authoritarian form of government is the dictatorship. Normally, a dictator is the main individual ruling
the country. While there are lackeys and others who work for the dictator,
he or she makes most of the decisions, and usually has enforcers. In
some cases, the political system is run by a small group of people.
Dictators are not restricted by constitutions or parliaments. The governed
are usually not consented in any way. Elections held are usually affairs
in which the dictator is the only candidate.
One of the more common types of dictatorship is the military dictatorship, in which a military organization governs, running
the political system. Sometimes, the military just exerts a great deal
of pressure on the government, running the country de facto. In many
cases, very few benefit from the decisions made in a dictatorship.
While authoritarian political systems have the advantage
of quick decisions being made, many citizens prefer other forms of government
— those that allow them greater participation in the political process.
The main difference between Monarchy
and Republic
Republic is a standard form of government.
It is based on the principle that there should be no monarch and the
people of the state should be able to choose their own government.
A Monarchy is a form of government
in which power is actually or nominally embodied in individual ruling
power or the monarch. It is a heredity political system wherein the
people are not allowed to cast a vote for the monarch. The crown is
passed from one generation to another. The word monarch comes from the
Greek word monárkhēs which means to rule alone. In monarchy, it is
necessary to be a part of royal family as it the children of the monarch
who are in line for the title and the power.
|
Republic Monarchy-> |
Definition |
It is a form of government in which the people or
their elected representatives possess the supreme power. |
It is a form of governance reigned by a king, queen
or an emperor. |
Office |
The government is elected by the people. |
The crown is passed from one generation to another. |
Law |
The government makes the law for the people. |
The king makes law in absolute monarchy. |
Rule |
The elected representatives of the people rule. |
It is the family of monarchs who rule. |
Freedom |
Right to freedom is given to the people. |
Freedom of people is oppressed by the monarch. |
Equality |
All the citizens are treated as equals. |
There is no equality among the people in a monarchy. |
Examples |
Modern republics include France, Russia, the United
States, India, and Mexico. |
UK and UAE are monarchies. |
The political system of Kazakhstan
The politics of Kazakhstan takes place in the framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President
of Kazakhstan is head of state and nominates thehead of government. Executive
power is exercised by the government. Legislative
power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament.
Political system
and government of Kazakhstan
Political system and government of Kazakhstan
According to the Constitution, adopted at the national referendum
on August 30, 1995, the Republic of Kazakhstan is a unitary state with
a presidential form of government, which has three independent branches:
executive, legislative and judicial.
President
President is the head of the state, elected by a national popular
vote. Presidential term is five years. Current President of the Republic
of Kazakhstan is Nursultan Nazarbayev (since 1990).
Executive branch
Executive power is exercised by the Government of the Republic of
Kazakhstan. Composition of the Government is formed by the President
of the Republic of Kazakhstan in accordance with the Constitution.
Legislative branch
Legislative power is vested in the bicameral parliament. Parliament
has two chambers: the Senate and the Majilis. The Senate consists of
deputies: two persons from each province, city of national importance
and the capital. The Majilis consists of 107 members. Member of the
Parliament cannot be simultaneously a member of both chambers. The term
of office of the Senate members is six years; the term of office of
the Majilis members is five years.
Judicial branch
Judicial power is vested in the Constitutional Court and a system
of local courts. Courts of the Republic are the Supreme Court of the
Republic, local courts and other courts of the Republic, established
by the legislation.
№12
How do you understand the term
Democracy
Democracy is a form of government in which all eligible citizens participate equally—either directly
or through elected representatives—in the proposal, development, and
creation of laws. It encompasses social, economic and cultural conditions that enable
the free and equal practice of political self-determination.
The term originates from the Greek δημοκρατία (dēmokratía) "rule of the people",[1] which was coined from δῆμος (dêmos) "people" and κράτος
(kratos) "power" or "rule"
in the 5th century BCE to denote the political systems then existing in Greek city-states, notably Athens; the term is an antonym to ἀριστοκρατία (aristokratia) "rule of an elite".
Democracy consists of four basic
elements:
I want to begin with an overview of what democracy
is. We can think of democracy as a system of government with four key
elements:
A political system for choosing and replacing the
government through free and fair elections.
2. The active participation of the people, as citizens,
in politics and civic life.
3. Protection of the human rights of all citizens.
4. A rule of law, in which the laws and procedures
apply equally to all citizens.
I want to talk about each of these four elements
of what democracy is. Then I will talk about the obligations and requirements
of citizens in a democracy.
Then I will conclude by talking about the obligations
that we, the international community, have to the people of Iraq as
you seek to build the first true democracy in the Arab world.
The peculiarities of a Constitutional
Monarchy
Constitutional monarchies vary considerably
in form and function, from severely limited powers vested in the monarch
to monarchs that are very strong and act as the head of an executive
branch of government.
It would even be possible to have
a constitutional monarch elected, either for life or for a set term.
It would be fair (and easy) to say
that the only two features shared by all constitutional monarchies are
a reigning monarch as head of state, and a formalized constitution defining
and limiting the rights and powers of that monarch, perhaps defining
duties and obligations of the monarchy, and/or defining and guaranteeing
rights and privileges of the people.
Political system of India
Politics in India (Hindi:भारतीय राजनीति) takes place within the framework of a constitution. India is a federal parliamentary democratic republic in which the President of India is head of state and the Prime Minister
of India is the head of government. Nominally, executive power is exercised
by the president and is independent of the legislature. Legislative
power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of the Parliament
of India, theLok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. Federal and state elections generally take place within a multi-party
system, although this is not enshrined in law. The judiciary is independent
of the executive and the legislature, the highest national court being
the Supreme Court of India. India is the world's largest democracy in
terms of citizenry.
India is as a nation has been labelled as a "sovereign socialist secular democratic republic" which is "egalitariansecular". Like the United States, India has had a federal form of government since it adopted its constitution. However, the central government
in India has greater power in relation to its states, and its central government is patterned after the British parliamentary system.
The central government has the power to dismiss state governments under
specific constitutional clauses or in case no majority party or coalition
is able to form a government. The central government can also impose
direct federal rule known as president's rule (or central rule). Locally, the Panchayati Rajsystem has several administrative functions and authorities.
For most of the years since independence, the federal government has been led by the Indian National Congress (INC).[1] The two largest political parties have been the INC and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Although the two parties have dominated Indian politics, regional
parties also exist. From 1950 to 1990, barring two brief periods, the
INC enjoyed a parliamentary majority. The INC was out of power between
1977 and 1980, when the Janata Party won the election due to public discontent with the promulgation of emergency by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1975. In 1989, a Janata Dal-led National Front coalition, in alliance with the Left Front coalition, won the elections but managed to stay in power for only
two years.[2]
As the 1991 elections gave no political party a majority, the INC
formed a minority government under Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao and was able to complete its five-year term.[3] The years 1996–1998 were a period of turmoil in the federal government
with several short-lived alliances holding sway. The BJP formed a government
briefly in 1996, followed by the United Front coalition that excluded both the BJP and the INC. In 1998, the BJP
formed the National Democratic Alliance (NDA)
with several other parties and became the first non-Congress government
to complete a full five-year term.[4] In the 2004 elections, the INC won the largest number of Lok Sabha seats and formed a government
with a coalition called the United Progressive Alliance (UPA),
supported by various parties.[5] In the 2009 Lok Sabha elections, the INC won with a majority of more
than 200 seats and formed the government by creating a coalition with
other parties which were willing to form alliance with it.
Indian democracy has been suspended once.[6] Nevertheless, Indian politics is often described[by whom?] as chaotic. More than a fifth of parliament members face some criminal
charges and around 40 of them are accused with serious criminal charges.
№13
What is the main meaning of the
term Political Party
A political party is a political
organization that typically seeks to influence,
or entirely control, government policy, usually by nominating their
own candidates and trying to seat them in political office.[1] Parties participate in electoral
campaigns and educational outreach or protest
actions. Parties often espouse an ideology or vision, expressed in a party program,
bolstered by a written platform with specific goals, forming a coalition among disparate interests.
1. A political party is a group people who share the
same ideas about the way the country should be governed.
2. They work together to introduce new laws, the alter old laws.
3. Political parties try to control what happens in Parliament by securing
a majority of seats (Members of Parliament).
4. Political Parties have policies. A good example of a policy is “education
must be free for all youngsters between the age of 5 to 18 years of
age”.
5. Usually, when a political party wants to change Laws and Regulations
they have to put their idea to all the Members of Parliament. A vote
then takes place and if the majority of MPs vote ‘YES’ then the
change to the Law/Regulation takes place. |
| |
|
The peculiarities of Parliamentary Republic
The parliamentary republic is characterised
by declaration of a principle of leadership of parliament before which the government
bears political responsibility for the activity. Formality - presence
of a post of the prime minister.
1. In parliamentary republic the government
is formed only parliamentary by from among party leaders, raspola -
gajushchej the majority in the lower
chamber Participation of the head in this process - nominally. The government
remains at thepower to
That time while it has support of the parliamentary
majority. In parliamentary republic the board always has party character.
2. The head of the state in parliamentary
republic, as a rule, is selected parliamentary by, i.e. either parliament,
or the special board created on the basis of parliament. The president is
formally allocated with considerable powers, but in practice does not
render almost any influence on government realisation. Any action of the president,
including dissolution of parliament and theveto, can
To be carried out only with the consent
of the government. Statutory acts proceeding from the president get a validity
only after approval by their corresponding minister which bears for them responsibility.
3. For parliamentary republic in
much bolshej degrees (than for presidential) rupture between legal and actual
position of all supreme bodies of the government is characteristic. The
leadership of parliament is proclaimed, but actually it works under therigid
control of the government. Government liability for the activity before
parliament is established, but actually the parliament can be almost always
dismissed the government which has lost its trust. The president is allocated
with extensive powers, but
They are carried out not by it, and the government.
The parliamentary republic is less
extended, than republic presidential (to Italy, Germany, Austria, Switzerland
and some other countries).
The Political System of Canada
The politics of Canada function within a framework of parliamentary
democracy and a federal system of parliamentary
government with strong democratic traditions. Canada is a constitutional
monarchy, in which the Monarch is head of state. The country has a multi-party
system in which many of its legislative
practices derive from the unwritten conventions of and precedents set by Great Britain's Westminster
Parliament. However, Canada has evolved variations:
party discipline in Canada is stronger than in the United Kingdom and
more parliamentary votes are consideredmotions of
confidence, which tends to diminish the role
of non-Cabinet Members of Parliament (MPs). Such
members, in the government caucus, and junior or lower-profile members
of opposition caucuses, are known as backbenchers. Backbenchers can, however, exert
their influence by sitting in parliamentary committees, like the Public
Accounts Committee or the National Defence Committee. The two dominant
political parties in Canada have historically been the Liberal Party
of Canada and Conservative
Party of Canada (or its predecessors), however, as of the 2011 election the social-democratic New Democratic
Party (NDP) has risen to prominence. This
rise of prominence mirrors a historic decline in the Liberal party's
popularity. Smaller parties like the Quebec nationalist Bloc Québécois and the Green Party
of Canada can exert their own influence over
the political process.
№14
Which kinds of party Systems are
there in the world
One-party system: a one-party system cannot produce a political system
as we would identify it in Britain. One party cannot produce any other
system other than autocratic/dictatorial power. A state where one party
rules would include the remaining communist states of the world (Cuba,
North Korea and China), and Iraq (where the ruling party is the Ba’ath
Party). The old Soviet union was a one party state. One of the more
common features of a one-party state is that the position of the ruling
party is guaranteed in a constitution and all forms of political opposition
are banned by law. The ruling party controls all aspects of life within
that state. The belief that a ruling party is all important to a state
came from Lenin who believed that only one party - the Communists -
could take the workers to their ultimate destiny and that the involvement
of other parties would hinder this progress.
Two-party system: as the title indicates, this is a state in which
just two parties dominate. Other parties might exist but they have no
political importance. America has the most obvious two-party political
system with the Republicans and Democrats dominating the political scene.
For the system to work, one of the parties must obtain a sufficient
working majority after an election and it must be in a position to be
able to govern without the support from the other party. A rotation
of power is expected in this system. The victory of George W Bush in
the November 2000 election, fulfils this aspect of the definition.
The two-party system presents the voter with a simple choice and it
is believed that the system promotes political moderation as the incumbent
party must be able to appeal to the ‘floating voters’ within that
country. Those who do not support the system claim that it leads to
unnecessary policy reversals if a party loses a election as the newly
elected government seeks to impose its ‘mark’ on the country that
has just elected it to power. Such sweeping reversals, it is claimed,
cannot benefit the state in the short and long term.
The multi-party system: as the title suggests, this is a system where
more than two parties have some impact in a state’s political life.
Though the Labour Party has a very healthy majority in Westminster,
its power in Scotland is reasonably well balanced by the power of the
SNP (Scots Nationalist Party); in Wales within the devolutionary structure, it is balanced by Plaid Cymru; in Northern Ireland by the various Unionists groups and Sein Fein.